Keyboard

Shortcut Keys

Dramatically increase your productivity with the keyboard shortcut keys listed below. Try to memorize keys and you'll be unstoppable!
Basic PC shortcut keys

* Alt + F File menu options in current program.
* Alt + E Edit options in current program
* F1 Universal Help in almost every Windows program.
* Ctrl + A Select all text.
* Ctrl + X Cut selected item.
* Shift + Del Cut selected item.
* Ctrl + C Copy selected item.
* Ctrl + Ins Copy selected item
* Ctrl + V Paste
* Shift + Ins Paste
* Home Goes to beginning of current line.
* Ctrl + Home Goes to beginning of document.
* End Goes to end of current line.
* Ctrl + End Goes to end of document.
* Shift + Home Highlights from current position to beginning of line.
* Shift + End Highlights from current position to end of line.
* Ctrl + Left arrow Moves one word to the left at a time.
* Ctrl + Right arrow Moves one word to the right at a time.

General Windows Shortcut Keys

* Shift while inserting the CD-ROM - Bypass AutoPlay when inserting a compact disc
* Control + C - Copy a selected file
* Shift + Delete - Delete an item immediately without placing it in the Recycle Bin
* F3 or Windows Key + F - Launch the "find" tool of Windows
* Application key - Display a selected item’s shortcut menu
* F5 - Refresh the contents of a window
* F2 - Rename an item
* CONTROL + A - Select all items
* ALT + ENTER - View an item’s properties

Mouse Shortcuts

* Double click - Selects word
* Triple click - Selects paragraph
* Ctrl + Mouse wheel - Zooms in and out of document
Use of the Windows Key

* Windows + Tab - Cycle through buttons on the taskbar
* Windows + F - Display Find: All Files
* Control + Windows Key + F or F3 - Display Find: Computer
* Windows Key + F1 - Display Help
* Windows Key + R - Display the Run command
* Windows Key - Display the Start menu
* Windows Key + E - Display Windows Explorer
* Windows Key + D - Minimize or restore all windows
* Shift + Windows Key +M - Undo minimize all windows
* Windows Key + L - Lock the computer (Windows XP and above only)
* Windows Key + Pause / Break key - Open the system properties window
* Windows Key+ U - Open Utility Manager
Using shortcut keys in Windows

* F10 or Alt - Activate the menu bar in programs
* Alt - Close all currently opened menus and return to the application
* Control + F4 - Close the current window.
* Alt + F4 - Close the current window or quit a program
* Control + C - Copy
* Control + X - Cut
* Delete Key - Delete
* F1 - Display Help on current Dialog Box item
* Alt + Spacebar - Display the current window’s system menu
* Shift+F10 - Display the shortcut menu for the selected item
* Control + Escape - Display the Start menu
* Alt + - (hyphen) - Display the system menu for MDI programs
* Control + V - Paste
* Hold down ALT while repeatedly pressing Tab - Switch to another window
* Control + Z - Undo

Dialog Box Shortcut Keys

* Escape - Cancel the current task
* Spacebar - Check a checkbox
* Spacebar - Push a button
* Spacebar - Activate a selected button
* Shift + Tab - Move backward through options
* Control + Tab - Move forward through property sheets
* Control + Shift + Tab - Move backward through property sheets
* Tab - Move forward through options
* Backspace - Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box
* F4 - Open the "Save As" Dialog Box
* F5 - Refresh the Save As or Open dialog box

Education and Teaching Information

Education is a process by which people can learn
knowledge
skills
attitudes
values
habits


Education through out time has evolved. Through society standards increasing education has developed from initially being available only for privileged families to education being made available to the general public.

In countries considered "advanced", basic education for its citizens are mandatory. Elementary and high school education are considered basic education, while further education is available for students wishing to specialize in a field.

Education involves the process of both learning and teaching. Parents are considered their child’s first teacher assisting in their childhood learning, but parents do not have the time or capability to teach their child everything they need or want to know. As a society we have passed some of this responsibility to professional educators: teachers.

Below are some of the areas of education.


What is Health Sciences
Health Sciences is to provide high quality, relevant education for the health and social work professions; to conduct research to improve the health and wellbeing of individuals and communities and the equity, efficiency and quality of health and human services

What is information technology

Information technology, IT is usually involved in the context of a business and is often used to automate manual tasks as well as improve efficiencies within an organisation. By involving computer systems, IT has helped industry reach new markets and apply new services to customers and clients.

Areas in Information technology

In the developing information technology field their is a particular trend in specialisation . In partcular to databases, office information systems, local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), the internet and programming.

FINAL ACCOUNTS – ADJUSTMENTS

When a person starts a business he wishes to know the financial
performance of his business. A convinient and universally accepted
method of knowing this is to ascertain the profit or loss at yearly intervals
(1st April to 31st March) and the financial position of the business on a
given date. He can ascertain these by preparing the Final Accounts,
which is prepared on the basis of the Trial Balance. The preparation of
Final Accounts is the last step in the accounting cycle and that is why
they are called Final Accounts.

Adjustments
Some important and common items, which need to be adjusted
at the time of preparing the final accounts are discussed below.
1. Closing stock
2. Outstanding expenses
3. Prepaid Expenses
4. Accrued incomes
5. Incomes received in advance
6. Interest on capital
7. Interest on drawings
8. Interest on loan
9. Interest on investment
10. Depreciation
11. Bad Debts
12. Provision for bad and doubtful debts
13. Provision for discount on debtors
14. Provision for discount on creditors.

10 reasons why PCs crash U must Know

Fatal error: the system has become unstable or is busy," it says. "Enter to return to Windows or press Control-Alt-Delete to restart your computer. If you do this you will lose any unsaved information in all open applications."

You have just been struck by the Blue Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Mcft Windows will be familiar with this. What can you do? More importantly, how can you prevent it happening?

1 Hardware conflict

The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed to be unique for each device.

For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself.

If there are a lot of devices, or if they are not installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same time, a crash can happen. The way to check if your computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route:

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager.

Often if a device has a problem a yellow '!' appears next to its description in the Device Manager. Highlight Computer (in the Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two devices may be using it.

Sometimes a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder for PCI steering'. This can be ignored. The best way to fix this problem is to remove the problem device and reinstall it.

Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the internet to make the device function properly. A good resource is www.driverguide.com. If the device is a soundcard, or a modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to a different slot on the motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the warranty).

When working inside a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an unpainted metal surface to discharge any static electricity.

To be fair to Mcft, the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to the first PC designs using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run out of them. There are plans to increase the number of IRQs in future designs.

2 Bad Ram

Ram (random-access memory) problems might bring on the blue screen of death with a message saying Fatal Exception Error. A fatal error indicates a serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and will need replacing.

But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns) Ram with 60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run all the Ram at the slower speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram is overworked.

One way around this problem is to enter the BIOS settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make it more stable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or take some of them out. Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When handling Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they can be easily damaged.

Parity error messages also refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity (ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best not to mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.

EMM386 error messages refer to memory problems but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be due to free memory problems often linked to old Dos-based programmes.

3 BIOS settings

Every motherboard is supplied with a range of chipset settings that are decided in the factory. A common way to access these settings is to press the F2 or delete button during the first few seconds of a boot-up.

Once inside the BIOS, great care should be taken. It is a good idea to write down on a piece of paper all the settings that appear on the screen. That way, if you change something and the computer becomes more unstable, you will know what settings to revert to.

A common BIOS error concerns the CAS latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data out) Ram has a CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRam has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can cause the Ram to lock up and freeze the computer's display.

Mcft Windows is better at allocating IRQ numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to Auto in the BIOS. This will allow Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers (make sure the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to 'yes' to allow Windows to do this.).

4 Hard disk drives

After a few weeks, the information on a hard disk drive starts to become piecemeal or fragmented. It is a good idea to defragment the hard disk every week or so, to prevent the disk from causing a screen freeze. Go to

* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Disk Defragmenter

This will start the procedure. You will be unable to write data to the hard drive (to save it) while the disk is defragmenting, so it is a good idea to schedule the procedure for a period of inactivity using the Task Scheduler.

The Task Scheduler should be one of the small icons on the bottom right of the Windows opening page (the desktop).

Some lockups and screen freezes caused by hard disk problems can be solved by reducing the read-ahead optimisation. This can be adjusted by going to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System Icon-Performance-File System-Hard Disk.

Hard disks will slow down and crash if they are too full. Do some housekeeping on your hard drive every few months and free some space on it. Open the Windows folder on the C drive and find the Temporary Internet Files folder. Deleting the contents (not the folder) can free a lot of space.

Empty the Recycle Bin every week to free more space. Hard disk drives should be scanned every week for errors or bad sectors. Go to

* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-ScanDisk

Otherwise assign the Task Scheduler to perform this operation at night when the computer is not in use.

5 Fatal OE exceptions and VXD errors

Fatal OE exception errors and VXD errors are often caused by video card problems.

These can often be resolved easily by reducing the resolution of the video display. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Display-Settings

Here you should slide the screen area bar to the left. Take a look at the colour settings on the left of that window. For most desktops, high colour 16-bit depth is adequate.

If the screen freezes or you experience system lockups it might be due to the video card. Make sure it does not have a hardware conflict. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager

Here, select the + beside Display Adapter. A line of text describing your video card should appear. Select it (make it blue) and press properties. Then select Resources and select each line in the window. Look for a message that says No Conflicts.

If you have video card hardware conflict, you will see it here. Be careful at this point and make a note of everything you do in case you make things worse.

The way to resolve a hardware conflict is to uncheck the Use Automatic Settings box and hit the Change Settings button. You are searching for a setting that will display a No Conflicts message.

Another useful way to resolve video problems is to go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Performance-Graphics

Here you should move the Hardware Acceleration slider to the left. As ever, the most common cause of problems relating to graphics cards is old or faulty drivers (a driver is a small piece of software used by a computer to communicate with a device).

Look up your video card's manufacturer on the internet and search for the most recent drivers for it.

6 Viruses

Often the first sign of a virus infection is instability. Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard drive, making it impossible to start. This is why it is a good idea to create a Windows start-up disk. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Add/Remove Programs

Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant vigilance.

A virus scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order to be able to identify viruses. These signatures are stored in a DAT file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the website of your antivirus software manufacturer.

An excellent antivirus programme is McAfee VirusScan by Network Associates ( www.nai.com). Another is Norton AntiVirus 2000, made by Symantec ( www.symantec.com).

7 Printers

The action of sending a document to print creates a bigger file, often called a postscript file.

Printers have only a small amount of memory, called a buffer. This can be easily overloaded. Printing a document also uses a considerable amount of CPU power. This will also slow down the computer's performance.

If the printer is trying to print unusual characters, these might not be recognised, and can crash the computer. Sometimes printers will not recover from a crash because of confusion in the buffer. A good way to clear the buffer is to unplug the printer for ten seconds. Booting up from a powerless state, also called a cold boot, will restore the printer's default settings and you may be able to carry on.

8 Software

A common cause of computer crash is faulty or badly-installed software. Often the problem can be cured by uninstalling the software and then reinstalling it. Use Norton Uninstall or Uninstall Shield to remove an application from your system properly. This will also remove references to the programme in the System Registry and leaves the way clear for a completely fresh copy.

The System Registry can be corrupted by old references to obsolete software that you thought was uninstalled. Use Reg Cleaner by Jouni Vuorio to clean up the System Registry and remove obsolete entries. It works on Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition), Windows Millennium Edition (ME), NT4 and Windows 2000.

Read the instructions and use it carefully so you don't do permanent damage to the Registry. If the Registry is damaged you will have to reinstall your operating system. Reg Cleaner can be obtained from www.jv16.org

Often a Windows problem can be resolved by entering Safe Mode. This can be done during start-up. When you see the message "Starting Windows" press F4. This should take you into Safe Mode.

Safe Mode loads a minimum of drivers. It allows you to find and fix problems that prevent Windows from loading properly.

Sometimes installing Windows is difficult because of unsuitable BIOS settings. If you keep getting SUWIN error messages (Windows setup) during the Windows installation, then try entering the BIOS and disabling the CPU internal cache. Try to disable the Level 2 (L2) cache if that doesn't work.

Remember to restore all the BIOS settings back to their former settings following installation.

9 Overheating

Central processing units (CPUs) are usually equipped with fans to keep them cool. If the fan fails or if the CPU gets old it may start to overheat and generate a particular kind of error called a kernel error. This is a common problem in chips that have been overclocked to operate at higher speeds than they are supposed to.

One remedy is to get a bigger better fan and install it on top of the CPU. Specialist cooling fans/heatsinks are available from www.computernerd.com or www.coolit.com

CPU problems can often be fixed by disabling the CPU internal cache in the BIOS. This will make the machine run more slowly, but it should also be more stable.

10 Power supply problems

With all the new construction going on around the country the steady supply of electricity has become disrupted. A power surge or spike can crash a computer as easily as a power cut.

If this has become a nuisance for you then consider buying a uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This will give you a clean power supply when there is electricity, and it will give you a few minutes to perform a controlled shutdown in case of a power cut.

It is a good investment if your data are critical, because a power cut will cause any unsaved data to be lost.

10 Fast and Free Security Enhancements

PC magazine.

Before you spend a dime on security, there are many precautions you can take that will protect you against the most common threats.

1. Check Windows Update and Office Update regularly (_http://office.microsoft.com/productupdates); have your Office CD ready. Windows Me, 2000, and XP users can configure automatic updates. Click on the Automatic Updates tab in the System control panel and choose the appropriate options.

2. Install a personal firewall. Both SyGate (_www.sygate.com) and ZoneAlarm (_www.zonelabs.com) offer free versions.


3. Install a free spyware blocker. Our Editors' Choice ("Spyware," April 22) was SpyBot Search & Destroy (_http://security.kolla.de). SpyBot is also paranoid and ruthless in hunting out tracking cookies.

4. Block pop-up spam messages in Windows NT, 2000, or XP by disabling the Windows Messenger service (this is unrelated to the instant messaging program). Open Control Panel | Administrative Tools | Services and you'll see Messenger. Right-click and go to Properties. Set Start-up Type to Disabled and press the Stop button. Bye-bye, spam pop-ups! Any good firewall will also stop them.

5. Use strong passwords and change them periodically. Passwords should have at least seven characters; use letters and numbers and have at least one symbol. A decent example would be f8izKro@l. This will make it much harder for anyone to gain access to your accounts.

6. If you're using Outlook or Outlook Express, use the current version or one with the Outlook Security Update installed. The update and current versions patch numerous vulnerabilities.

7. Buy antivirus software and keep it up to date. If you're not willing to pay, try Grisoft AVG Free Edition (Grisoft Inc., w*w.grisoft.com). And doublecheck your AV with the free, online-only scanners available at w*w.pandasoftware.com/activescan and _http://housecall.trendmicro.com.

8. If you have a wireless network, turn on the security features: Use MAC filtering, turn off SSID broadcast, and even use WEP with the biggest key you can get. For more, check out our wireless section or see the expanded coverage in Your Unwired World in our next issue.

9. Join a respectable e-mail security list, such as the one found at our own Security Supersite at _http://security.ziffdavis.com, so that you learn about emerging threats quickly and can take proper precautions.

10. Be skeptical of things on the Internet. Don't assume that e-mail "From:" a particular person is actually from that person until you have further reason to believe it's that person. Don't assume that an attachment is what it says it is. Don't give out your password to anyone, even if that person claims to be from "support."

Computer

Ninite installs 59 free apps with one double-click
Moving from Windows XP to Windows 7 will be a whole lot easier if you use Ninite. The free online site lets you pick those extra apps you always need to hunt around the web for when you do a clean install.

Once you've checked off your choices among the 59 possibilities, you download an installer (sorry, Windows only) , double-click it and you can just walk away while it loads up all those apps on your fresh operating system. It's even smart enough to avoid installing crapware such as unnecessary toolbars.

We've been testing this routine in its beta phase, and we can tell you it works beautifully. We test a lot of operating systems here, and it's a pain to individually install apps such as Adobe Flash, Adobe Reader (or better yet, Foxit Reader), iTunes, Firefox, Winrar, and many others. Now, with our custom installer, everything is ready to go in minutes.

The company aims to please, asking you to suggest more apps that aren't yet included. It's hard to believe this is free.

Dude, you're getting Google Chrome OS on Dell

Hardly a couple of weeks have gone by since Google's Chrome OS was rolled out in all its glory, when Dell jumps into the fray with an easy way to load the beta operating system on its nifty Mini 10v netbook. Dell gurus have slightly modified Google's Chrome OS to work specifically on the company's tiny, yet versatile Mini 10v.


All you need to do is download the ChromiumOS image file, load it on an 8GB USB thumb drive, and then you're off and installing it onto this little laptop with no hacking required. Of course, the Chrome OS isn't going to be completely stable, since it's not due to be completely finished until year from now, but this would be a magnificent way to get a feel for this upcoming juggernaut from Google.

This Dell Mini 10v has a remarkable story itself, widely hacked to run the Mac Snow Leopard OS with ease, although Apple has been breaking that compatibility with the latest updates to Snow Leopard. Still, for $279, the Dell Mini 10v could be a fertile playground for OS pioneers. And, if you don't have an 8GB USB drive, here's a "diet" version that'll fit on a 1GB drive.